Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July
Selected anniversaries / On this day archive
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| An archive of historical anniversaries that appeared on the Main Page 2024 day arrangement | ||||||
July 1: Eid al-Mubahalah (Shia Islam, 2024); Canada Day (1867)
Brown 10-centime Belgian epaulette
- 692 – Berhtwald was elected Archbishop of Canterbury.
- 1849 – Belgium introduced its first series of postage stamps, known as epaulettes (example pictured).
- 1862 – American Civil War: Confederate general Robert E. Lee launched a series of disjointed and ultimately unsuccessful assaults on the nearly impregnable Union position on Malvern Hill in Henrico County, Virginia.
- 1874 – The Remington No. 1, the first commercially successful typewriter, went on sale.
- 1999 – Legislative powers in Scotland were first devolved from the Scottish Office in London to the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh.
- John Early (b. 1814)
- DeLancey W. Gill (b. 1859)
- Tanya Savicheva (d. 1944)
- Learie Constantine (d. 1971)
James A. Garfield
- 626 – Li Shimin led his forces to assassinate his rival brothers in a coup for the imperial throne of Tang China.
- 1644 – First English Civil War: The combined forces of Scottish Covenanters and English Parliamentarians defeated Royalist troops at the Battle of Marston Moor.
- 1724 – On the Feast of the Visitation, Bach led the first performance of his Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, BWV 10, based on the German Magnificat.
- 1881 – U.S. president James A. Garfield (pictured) was fatally shot by Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station in Washington, D.C.
- 1964 – The Civil Rights Act was signed into law, outlawing segregation in schools, at the workplace, and other facilities that served the general public in the United States.
- Walter Potter (b. 1835)
- Erich Topp (b. 1914)
- Joseph Fielding Smith (d. 1972)
- Sam Hornish Jr. (b. 1979)
French destroyer Mogador burning after British shellfire
- 324 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy: Roman emperor Constantine the Great defeated his former colleague Licinius at the Battle of Adrianople.
- 1754 – French and Indian War: George Washington surrendered Fort Necessity in Pennsylvania, the only military surrender in his career.
- 1940 – Second World War: The Royal Navy attacked the French fleet at Mers El Kébir (pictured), fearing that the ships would fall into Axis hands after the French–German armistice.
- 1970 – Dan-Air Flight 1903 crashed into the slopes of the Montseny Massif in Catalonia, Spain, killing all 112 people aboard.
- 1979 – U.S. president Jimmy Carter signed a presidential finding, authorizing covert operations to aid the mujahideen against the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
- Leoš Janáček (b. 1854)
- Bo Xilai (b. 1949)
- Lew Hoad (d. 1994)
- Lisa Kahn (d. 2013)
July 4: Independence Day in the United States (1776); Republic Day in the Philippines (1946); Liberation Day in Rwanda (1994)
Crab Nebula
- 414 – Byzantine emperor Theodosius II proclaimed his elder sister Aelia Pulcheria as Augusta.
- 1054 – Chinese astronomers recorded the sudden appearance of a "guest star", later identified as the supernova that created the Crab Nebula (pictured).
- 1863 – American Civil War: Confederate forces failed in an attempt to recapture the Union-occupied Helena, Arkansas.
- 1954 – In what is known as "The Miracle of Bern", West Germany defeated Hungary 3–2 to win the FIFA World Cup.
- 1954 – CIA officers arrived in Guatemala City to begin Operation PBHistory in an attempt to justify the overthrowing of Guatemalan president Jacobo Árbenz one week earlier.
- Brian Twyne (d. 1644)
- Jack Warhop (b. 1884)
- Koko (b. 1971)
- Victor Chang (d. 1991)
July 5: Fifth of July in New York
Artefacts from the Staffordshire Hoard
- 1841 – Thomas Cook, the founder of the British travel company Thomas Cook & Son, organised his first excursion, escorting about 500 people from Leicester to Loughborough.
- 1924 – Brazilian Army rebels launched an uprising in São Paulo against President Artur Bernardes, who authorized the bombing of the city in response.
- 1969 – Two days after the death of their founder Brian Jones, the Rolling Stones performed at a free festival in Hyde Park, London, in front of more than a quarter of a million fans.
- 2009 – The Staffordshire Hoard, the largest collection of Anglo-Saxon gold ever discovered, consisting of more than 1,500 items (examples pictured), was found near Hammerwich in Staffordshire.
- W. T. Stead (b. 1849)
- Thomas Playford IV (b. 1896)
- Kate Gynther (b. 1982)
- Ted Williams (d. 2002)
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Jadranka Kosor
- 1614 – The Ottoman Empire made a final attempt to conquer the island of Malta, but were repulsed by the Knights Hospitaller.
- 1777 – American Revolutionary War: American troops at Fort Ticonderoga in New York completed a retreat from advancing British forces, causing an uproar among the American public.
- 1809 – Napoleon's French forces defeated Archduke Charles' Austrian army at the Battle of Wagram, the decisive confrontation of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
- 1936 – A major breach of the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal in England sent millions of gallons of water cascading 300 feet (90 m) into the River Irwell.
- 2009 – Jadranka Kosor (pictured) became the first female prime minister of Croatia.
- Goar of Aquitaine (d. 649)
- William Jackson Hooker (b. 1785)
- Sophie Blanchard (d. 1819)
- Barry Winchell (d. 1999)
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Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.
- 1456 – Joan of Arc was declared innocent of heresy in a retrial twenty-five years after her death.
- 1798 – Outraged by the XYZ Affair, the United States rescinded its treaties with France, resulting in the undeclared Quasi-War, fought entirely at sea.
- 1907 – Inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris, American impresario Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. (pictured) staged the first of his Ziegfeld Follies.
- 1963 – The secret police of Ngô Đình Nhu, brother and chief political adviser of South Vietnamese president Ngô Đình Diệm, attacked a group of American journalists who were covering a protest during the Buddhist crisis.
- 1991 – Yugoslav Wars: The signing of the Brioni Agreement ended the Ten-Day War between SFR Yugoslavia and Slovenia.
- Camillo Golgi (b. 1843)
- Joe Sakic (b. 1969)
- Francis Hagai (d. 1974)
- Eduard Shevardnadze (d. 2014)
July 8: Islamic New Year (2024, 1446 AH)
John Clarke
- 1663 – Baptist minister John Clarke (pictured) was granted the Rhode Island Royal Charter, described as the "grandest instrument of human liberty ever constructed".
- 1874 – Members of the North-West Mounted Police at Fort Dufferin began their March West, their first journey to the Canadian Prairies.
- 1947 – Following reports of the capture of a "flying disc" by U.S. Army Air Forces personnel near Roswell, New Mexico, the military stated that the crashed object was a conventional weather balloon.
- 1966 – King Mwambutsa IV of Burundi was deposed in a coup d'état by his son, Prince Charles Ndizi.
- 2014 – German citizen Lars Mittank disappeared from Varna Airport, Bulgaria; his last known movements were widely watched on YouTube.
- Ælfwynn (d. 983)
- Giorgio Pullicino (b. 1779)
- Yarden Gerbi (b. 1989)
- Tom Veryzer (d. 2014)
Wolfgang and Maria Anna Mozart
- 1763 – The Mozart family grand tour began, presenting child prodigies Maria Anna and Wolfgang (both pictured) in Western Europe.
- 1877 – The inaugural Wimbledon Championship, the world's oldest tennis tournament, began in London.
- 1896 – Politician William Jennings Bryan made his Cross of Gold speech advocating bimetallism, considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history.
- 1958 – An earthquake struck Lituya Bay, Alaska; the subsequent megatsunami, the largest in modern times, reached an elevation of 1,720 ft (524 m).
- 1962 – In a seminal moment for pop art, Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans exhibition opened at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles.
- Ann Radcliffe (b. 1764)
- Anna Morandi Manzolini (d. 1774)
- Courtney Love (b. 1964)
- Fernando de la Rúa (d. 2019)
July 10: Independence Day in the Bahamas (1973)
Martin Luther King Jr.
- 1645 – English Civil War: The Parliamentarians destroyed the last Royalist field army at the Battle of Langport, ultimately giving Parliament control of the west of England.
- 1942 – A downed Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero was discovered on Akutan Island, Alaska; it was later rebuilt and flown to devise tactics against the aircraft during World War II.
- 1966 – Martin Luther King Jr. (pictured) led a rally in support of the Chicago Freedom Movement, one of the most ambitious civil-rights campaigns in the northern United States.
- 1999 – The United States defeated China in the final match of the third FIFA Women's World Cup, setting records in both attendance and television ratings for women's sports.
- 2006 – Typhoon Ewiniar made landfall in South Korea, causing damages across the country amounting to 2.06 trillion won (US$1.4 billion).
- Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey (b. 1614)
- Eva Ekeblad (b. 1724)
- Bobo Brazil (b. 1924)
- Calogero Vizzini (d. 1954)
July 11: Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Genocide in Poland (1943)
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Leicester balloon riot, 1864
- 1405 – An expeditionary fleet led by Zheng He set sail for foreign regions of the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, marking the start of Ming China's treasure voyages.
- 1846 – British soldier Frederick John White died after a flogging, leading to a campaign to end the practice in the British Army.
- 1864 – A riot broke out in Leicester, England, at the failed launching of a gas balloon (pictured).
- 1928 – Archaeologist Ivan Borkovský discovered a medieval skeleton at Prague Castle; competing factions claimed the skeleton as Germanic or Slavic in origin.
- 1936 – New York City's Triborough Bridge, the "biggest traffic machine ever built", opened to traffic.
- Nicole Oresme (d. 1382)
- Thomas Bowdler (b. 1754)
- Eugenia Tadolini (d. 1872)
- Lady Bird Johnson (d. 2007)
The Rolling Stones in 2015
- 927 – King Æthelstan of England secured the submission of four northern rulers: Constantine II of Scotland, Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred I of Bamburgh, and Owain ap Dyfnwal of Strathclyde, leading to seven years of peace.
- 1488 – Choe Bu, an official of the Joseon dynasty, returned to Korea after months of shipwrecked travel in China.
- 1801 – French Revolutionary Wars: A squadron of British ships of the line defeated a larger squadron of Spanish and French vessels in the Strait of Gibraltar.
- 1948 – Arab–Israeli War: Israel Defense Forces officer Yitzhak Rabin signed an order to expel Palestinians from the towns of Lydda and Ramle.
- 1962 – The English rock band the Rolling Stones (pictured) played their first concert at the Marquee Club in London.
- Alexander Hamilton (d. 1804)
- George Eastman (b. 1854)
- Gertrude Bell (d. 1926)
- Anne-Sophie Pic (b. 1969)
July 13: Kashmir Martyrs' Day in Pakistan
Harold Macmillan
- 1586 – Anglo–Spanish War: A convoy of English ships from the Levant Company repelled a fleet of Spanish and Maltese galleys at the Battle of Pantelleria.
- 1831 – Wallachian officials adopted the Regulamentul Organic, which engendered a period of reforms that provided for the westernization of the local society.
- 1943 – World War II: Operation Fustian, an Allied operation to capture the Primosole Bridge in Sicily, was launched.
- 1962 – In an unprecedented reshuffle, British prime minister Harold Macmillan (pictured) dismissed seven members of his cabinet.
- 1992 – Croatian War of Independence: The Croatian Army concluded Operation Tiger, advancing 17 kilometres (11 miles) into the Dubrovnik hinterland.
- Stan Coveleski (b. 1889)
- Kate Sheppard (d. 1934)
- Ernő Rubik (b. 1944)
- Frida Kahlo (d. 1954)
July 14: Bastille Day in France (1789); Festino di Santa Rosalia begins in Palermo, Italy
Machu Picchu
- 1791 – The Priestley Riots, targeting religious dissenters such as Joseph Priestley, began in Birmingham, England.
- 1874 – A fire destroyed 812 structures and killed 20 people in Chicago, leading to reforms in the city's fire-prevention and firefighting efforts.
- 1902 – An expedition led by Peruvian explorer and farmer Agustín Lizárraga discovered the Incan city of Machu Picchu (pictured).
- 1950 – Korean War: North Korean troops began attacking the headquarters of the American 24th Infantry Division in present-day Daejeon, South Korea.
- 2003 – Valerie Plame's identity as a CIA operative was leaked to and published by journalist Robert Novak.
- Roy Inwood (b. 1890)
- Paul Kruger (d. 1904)
- Samir Handanović (b. 1984)
- César Tovar (d. 1994)
July 15: Marine Day in Japan (2024)
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Psy
- 1799 – French soldiers at Fort Julien, near the Egyptian port city of Rashid, uncovered the Rosetta Stone, which was essential in the decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts.
- 1870 – Following the transfer of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company, Manitoba was established as a province of Canada.
- 1943 – The all-female Emilia Plater Independent Women's Battalion was formed in the Soviet Union's First Polish Army.
- 2009 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashed in northwestern Iran, killing all 168 people aboard.
- 2012 – South Korean rapper Psy (pictured) released his hit single "Gangnam Style".
- Almira Lincoln Phelps (b. 1793; d. 1884)
- Anton Chekhov (d. 1904)
- Livia Gouverneur (b. 1941)
- Christine Chubbuck (d. 1974)
Impact site on Jupiter of a Shoemaker–Levy 9 fragment
- 1377 – The ten-year-old Richard II was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
- 1782 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail premiered in Vienna, after which Emperor Joseph II anecdotally remarked that it had "too many notes".
- 1950 – Korean War: A Korean People's Army unit massacred 31 prisoners of war of the U.S. Army on a mountain near the village of Tuman.
- 1994 – Fragments of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 began colliding with the planet Jupiter (impact site pictured), with the first impact causing a fireball that reached a peak temperature of 24,000 kelvin.
- 2004 – Millennium Park, a public park in Chicago, Illinois, and one of the world's largest rooftop gardens, opened to the public.
- Fulrad (d. 784)
- al-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt (d. 1344)
- Ellen Oliver (b. 1870)
- Gareth Bale (b. 1989)
July 17: Constitution Day in South Korea (1948); World Emoji Day
Russian imperial family, 1913
- 1850 – William Cranch Bond and John Adams Whipple took a daguerreotype of Vega, the first astrophotograph of a star other than the Sun.
- 1862 – The garrotting and robbery of James Pilkington, a British member of Parliament, led to a moral panic in London.
- 1918 – Russian Revolution: Tsar Nicholas II and his family (pictured) were murdered by Bolsheviks at Yekaterinburg.
- 1944 – Laden with munitions for World War II, two ships exploded at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in California, killing 320 people and injuring more than 400 others.
- 2014 – Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down over eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board.
- Edward the Elder (d. 924)
- Jadwiga of Poland (d. 1399)
- Angela Merkel (b. 1954)
- Otto Piene (d. 2014)
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Coronation of Pedro II of Brazil
- 1806 – An explosion at a gunpowder magazine in Birgu, Malta, killed an estimated 200 people.
- 1841 – Pedro II, the last emperor of Brazil, was crowned (depicted) at the Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro.
- 1949 – Francisco Javier Arana, the chief of the Guatemalan armed forces, was killed in a shootout with supporters of President Juan José Arévalo.
- 1984 – A gunman massacred 21 people and injured 15 others at a McDonald's restaurant in the district of San Ysidro of San Diego, California.
- 2019 – An arson attack at the studio of Kyoto Animation in Japan led to the deaths of 36 people.
- Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat (d. 924)
- Philip Snowden (b. 1864)
- James E. Boyd (b. 1906)
- Inge Sørensen (b. 1924)
Remnants of the Mary Rose
- 1333 – Second War of Scottish Independence: Scottish forces under Sir Archibald Douglas were heavily defeated by the English at the Battle of Halidon Hill while trying to relieve Berwick-upon-Tweed.
- 1545 – The English warship Mary Rose sank outside Portsmouth during the Battle of the Solent; it was raised from the seabed in 1982 (remnants pictured).
- 1916 – First World War: The "worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history" occurred when Australian forces unsuccessfully attacked German defences at Fromelles, France.
- 1957 – The largely autobiographical novel The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold by Evelyn Waugh was published.
- 2014 – Gunmen perpetrated an assault against an Egyptian military checkpoint in the Libyan Desert near Farafra, killing 22 soldiers.
- William McSherry (b. 1799)
- Khawaja Nazimuddin (b. 1894)
- Kgalema Motlanthe (b. 1949)
- Sylvia Daoust (d. 2004)
Buzz Aldrin's bootprint on the moon
- 1651 – Wars of the Three Kingdoms: After crossing the Firth of Forth, English Commonwealth forces defeated a Scottish army at the Battle of Inverkeithing, opening the rest of the country to occupation.
- 1867 – The United States Congress established the Indian Peace Commission to seek peace treaties with a number of Native American tribes.
- 1917 – The prime minister of Serbia, Nikola Pašić, and the president of the Yugoslav Committee, Ante Trumbić, signed the Corfu Declaration, agreeing to seek the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
- 1969 – The Apollo 11 lunar module landed on the Sea of Tranquillity, where Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to walk on the moon six-and-a-half hours later (Aldrin's bootprint pictured).
- 2012 – A gunman carried out a mass shooting at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others.
- Clements Markham (b. 1830)
- Wiley Rutledge (b. 1894)
- Anna Vyrubova (d. 1964)
- Chris Cornell (b. 1964)
July 21: Belgian National Day (1831)
Depiction of the Ciompi Revolt by Giuseppe Lorenzo Gatteri
- 625 – Paulinus of York was consecrated as the first Bishop of York by Justus.
- 1378 – Unrepresented labourers revolted and violently took over the government of the Republic of Florence (depicted), demanding that they be granted political office.
- 1946 – After weeks of unrest, rioters shot and lynched Bolivian President Gualberto Villarroel, desecrating and hanging his corpse in the streets of La Paz.
- 1959 – The inaugural International Mathematical Olympiad, the leading mathematical competition for pre-university students, began in Romania.
- 1977 – Libyan forces carried out a raid at Sallum, sparking a four-day war with Egypt.
- John Atta Mills (b. 1944)
- Claus von Stauffenberg (d. 1944)
- Jimmie Foxx (d. 1967)
- Lettice Curtis (d. 2014)
July 22: Feast day of Saint Mary Magdalene (Christianity)
Jules-Albert de Dion
- 838 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The forces of the Abbasid Caliphate defeated Byzantine troops led by Emperor Theophilos at the Battle of Anzen, near present-day Dazman, Turkey.
- 1864 – American Civil War: Confederate forces unsuccessfully attacked Union troops at the Battle of Atlanta.
- 1894 – Jules-Albert de Dion (pictured) finished first in the world's first motor race, but did not win as his steam-powered car was against the rules.
- 1944 – World War II: In opposition to the London-based government-in-exile, the Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation was proclaimed to govern territory recaptured from Germany.
- 1954 – A limited state of martial law was declared in Russell County, Alabama, due to organized crime.
- Thomas Macnamara Russell (d. 1824)
- James Whale (b. 1889)
- Louise Fletcher (b. 1934)
- Johann Breyer (d. 2014)
July 23: Seventeenth of Tammuz (Judaism, 2024), Birthday of Haile Selassie (Rastafari)
Wilfred Rhodes in 1906
- 1860 – The trial of the Eastbourne manslaughter, which later became an important legal precedent in the United Kingdom for discussions of corporal punishment in schools, began in Lewes.
- 1862 – American Civil War: Henry Halleck was appointed general-in-chief of the Union Army.
- 1927 – Wilfred Rhodes (pictured) of England and Yorkshire became the only person to play in 1,000 first-class cricket matches.
- 1942 – The Holocaust: The gas chambers at Treblinka extermination camp began operation, killing 6,500 Jews who had been transported from the Warsaw Ghetto the day before.
- 1999 – In Tulia, Texas, 47 people were arrested for dealing cocaine; years later, 35 of the 47 were pardoned by the Governor of Texas.
- John Day (d. 1584)
- Bonaventura Peeters the Elder (b. 1614)
- Daniel Radcliffe (b. 1989)
- Hassan II of Morocco (d. 1999)
July 24: Pioneer Day in Utah, United States (1847)
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Konstantinos Karamanlis in 1978
- 1567 – Mary, Queen of Scots, was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son, James VI.
- 1959 – Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. vice president Richard Nixon held an impromptu debate at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow.
- 1974 – The Metapolitefsi period in Greece began with Konstantinos Karamanlis (pictured) taking office as prime minister after the collapse of a military junta.
- 1980 – The Australian swimming team, nicknamed the Quietly Confident Quartet, won the men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay at the Moscow Olympics.
- 2014 – Air Algérie Flight 5017 disappeared from radar shortly after take-off from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; its wreckage was found the following day in Mali with no survivors.
- Prince William, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1689)
- John William Finn (b. 1909)
- Ada Baker (d. 1949)
- James Chadwick (d. 1974)
July 25: National Day of Galicia, Saint James's Day
Pratibha Patil
- 306 – Constantine the Great was proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops after the death of Constantius Chlorus.
- 1788 – Mozart completed his Symphony No. 40, one of his two extant minor-key symphonies.
- 1898 – Spanish–American War: After more than two months of sea-based bombardment, the United States invaded Puerto Rico.
- 1943 – The Grand Council of Fascism voted a motion of no confidence against Benito Mussolini, who was arrested the same day by King Victor Emmanuel III and replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
- 2007 – Pratibha Patil (pictured) was sworn in as the first female president of India.
- Elliott Fitch Shepard (b. 1833)
- Enriqueta Legorreta (b. 1914)
- Nestor Makhno (d. 1934)
- Beji Caid Essebsi (d. 2019)
July 26: Independence Day in Liberia (1847) and the Maldives (1965), Kargil Vijay Diwas in India
L. L. Zamenhof
- 1759 – French and Indian War: Troops led by French brigadier general François-Charles de Bourlamaque attempted to blow up Fort Carillon, near present-day Ticonderoga, New York, instead than defending it against approaching British forces.
- 1887 – L. L. Zamenhof (pictured) published Unua Libro, the first publication to describe Esperanto, a constructed international language.
- 1936 – The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, dedicated to the Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed in the First World War, was unveiled in Pas-de-Calais, France.
- 1953 – The Battle of the Samichon River, the last engagement of the Korean War, ended only a few hours before the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed.
- 2007 – After widespread controversy throughout Wales, Shambo, a black Friesian bull that had been adopted by the local Hindu community, was slaughtered due to concerns about bovine tuberculosis.
- Winsor McCay (d. 1934)
- Betty Davis (b. 1944)
- Liz Truss (b. 1975)
- Ed Gein (d. 1984)
Comet 1 prototype
- 1054 – During his invasion of Scotland, Siward, Earl of Northumbria, defeated Macbeth, King of Scotland, in an engagement north of the Firth of Forth.
- 1214 – Philip II of France decisively won the Battle of Bouvines, the conclusive battle of the 1213–1214 Anglo-French War.
- 1916 – First World War: British mariner Charles Fryatt was executed in Bruges, Belgium, after a German court-martial found him guilty of being a franc-tireur.
- 1949 – The de Havilland Comet (prototype pictured), the world's first commercial jet airliner to reach production, made its maiden flight.
- 1990 – Jamaat al Muslimeen, a radical Islamic group, began a coup attempt against the government of Trinidad and Tobago by taking hostages, including Prime Minister A. N. R. Robinson, before surrendering five days later.
- Iwane Matsui (b. 1878)
- Kenneth Bainbridge (b. 1904)
- Ferruccio Busoni (d. 1924)
- Maya Ali (b. 1989)
July 28: Statehood Day in Ukraine (2022)
Reconstruction of the Sutton Hoo helmet
- 1540 – King Henry VIII of England had his chief minister Thomas Cromwell executed for treason and heresy.
- 1866 – At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream became the youngest artist and first woman to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue—that of Abraham Lincoln currently in the U.S. Capitol rotunda.
- 1911 – The Australasian Antarctic Expedition began with the departure of SY Aurora from London.
- 1939 – During the excavation of a 7th-century ship burial at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk, England, archaeologists discovered a helmet (pictured) that is widely associated with King Rædwald of East Anglia.
- 2005 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army announced the formal end of its armed campaign to overthrow British rule in Northern Ireland and create a united Ireland.
- Louis Antoine de Saint-Just (d. 1794)
- Lucy Burns (b. 1879)
- Vida Blue (b. 1949)
- Zach Parise (b. 1984)
July 29: Torch Festival in China (2024)
Cape Cod Canal
- 1014 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Byzantine forces defeated troops of the Bulgarian Empire at the Battle of Kleidion in the mountains of Belasica near present-day Klyuch.
- 1693 – Nine Years' War: French troops defeated the forces of the Grand Alliance led by William III of England at the Battle of Landen in present-day Neerwinden, Belgium.
- 1818 – French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel submitted a memoir on the diffraction of light to the Royal Academy of Sciences, providing strong support for the wave theory of light.
- 1914 – The Cape Cod Canal (pictured), connecting Cape Cod Bay and Buzzards Bay in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, opened on a limited basis.
- 1954 – The Fellowship of the Ring, the first part of J. R. R. Tolkien's high-fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, was published by Allen & Unwin.
- Francisco Rodrigues da Cruz (b. 1859)
- Isidor Isaac Rabi (b. 1898)
- Jaojoby (b. 1955)
- Virginia S. Baker (d. 1998)
Portrait of Miguel Hidalgo by Antonio Fabrés
- 1811 – Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (depicted), leader of the Mexican War of Independence, was executed by Spanish forces in Chihuahua City, Mexico.
- 1871 – The boiler of the Staten Island Ferry Westfield II exploded at South Ferry in New York City, killing at least 45 people.
- 1981 – Amid a widespread economic crisis and food shortages in Poland, up to 50,000 people, mostly women and children, took part in the largest of nationwide hunger demonstrations in Łódź.
- 1990 – British Conservative Member of Parliament Ian Gow was killed outside his home in a car bombing by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
- 2014 – More than 150 people died after heavy rains triggered a landslide in the village of Malin in Maharashtra, India.
- Tatwine (d. 734)
- Casey Stengel (b. 1890)
- Gerald Moore (b. 1899)
- C. T. Vivian (b. 1924)
July 31: Lā Hae Hawaiʻi (Flag Day) and Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (Sovereignty Restoration Day) in Hawaii (1843)
The lunar surface as photographed by Ranger 7 approximately 17 minutes before impact
- 1874 – Patrick Francis Healy was inaugurated as president of Georgetown University, becoming the first African-American president of a predominantly white university in the United States.
- 1924 – A private senator's bill by Herbert Payne to introduce compulsory voting in Australia became law.
- 1954 – A team of Italian climbers became the first to reach the summit of K2, the world's second-highest mountain.
- 1964 – The space probe Ranger 7 captured thousands of close-up photographs of the Moon (example pictured) over its final minutes of flight and transmitted them to Earth before crashing on the lunar surface.
- 2014 – Gas explosions in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, killed 32 people and injured 321 others.
- Fred Keenor (b. 1894)
- Jean Jaurès (d. 1914)
- David Norris (b. 1944)
- J. K. Rowling (b. 1965)
Selected anniversaries / On this day archive
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